The federal states are responsible for education policy in Germany. They have the so-called cultural sovereignty, so that the state governments can largely independently decide how they organize their education systems. Therefore, the terms for the types of schools in general education are very different. Further information is also available on the website of the Conference of Ministers of Education: https://www.kmk.org/themen/allgemeinbildende-schulen/bildungsweun-und-abschluesse.html
State of Thüringen
Information about the school system in Thüringen in different languages can be found here: http://apps.thueringen.de/de/publikationen/pic/pubdownload1690.pdf
Inclusion
For pupils with special educational needs, the school system in Thüringen offers integrative lessons at a regular school or instruction at a general education special school. The parents decide whether a child with special educational needs is taught at a general education special school or integrative at a regular school (https://www.bildung-lsa.de/themen/inklusive_bildung_gemeinsamer_unterricht.html).
Primary school
The primary school covers grade 1 to 4 and provides a basic education. Children attend primary school usually at the age of 6 - 10 years (https://bildung.Thüringen.de/schulen/weitere-schulinfos/schulformen/allgemein-bildende-schulen/grundschulen/die-grundschule/).
After primary school, there are four secondary school types:
Community School
The "Thüringer Gemeinschaftsschule" covers the grades 1 to 12 and allows longer joint learning up to grade 8. Depending on regional characteristics, a community school may also start with grade 5. The offer for grades 1 to 4 is guaranteed here by a primary school. The community school offers all students the opportunity, according to their abilities and achievements, to acquire the general education qualifications (lower secondary school leaving certificate, qualifying lower secondary school leaving certificate, middle maturity, general university entrance qualification/Abitur) that are possible in Thüringen (https://www.thueringen.de/th2/tmbjs/bildung/schulwesen/schulsystem/gemeinschaftsschule/index.aspx).
Regular school
The regular school covers the grades 5 to 10 and is aimed at the acquisition of the lower secondary school leaving certificate and the middle maturity. It provides a general and vocational education and thus prepares for the demands of the professional and working world. With appropriate performance, at the request of the parents at the end of grade 5 and 6 the transition to a Gymnasium is possible.
With the successful attendance of the 9th school year the lower secondary school leaving certificate is acquired. If the pupil successfully participates in a central exam, he receives the qualifying lower secondary school leaving certificate. With the successful attendance of the 10th school year and passed final exam, the middle maturity is achieved (https://www.thueringen.de/th2/tmbjs/bildung/schulwesen/schulsystem/regelschule/index.aspx).
Gymnasium
The Gymnasium covers grade 5 to 12. Gymnasium provides pupils with a broad and in-depth general education, which usually leads to general university entrance qualification (Abitur) after grade 12.
With transfer to grade 10 a level of education equivalent to that of the lower secondary school leaving certificate is confirmed. At the end of grade 10, all pupils have to take part in a central test that significantly influences the transition to the qualification phase of the upper secondary school. Transition to grade 11 confirms the level of education equivalent to middle maturity.
https://www.thueringen.de/th2/tmbjs/bildung/schulwesen/schulsystem/gymnasium/index.aspx
Comprehensive school
In Thüringen there are comprehensive schools in Erfurt, Gera, Gotha and Jena. The comprehensive school starts with grade 5. It leads to the lower secondary school leaving certificate or to the qualifying lower secondary school leaving certificate after grade 9, to the middle maturity after grade 10 or in connection with a upper secondary level of Gymnasium to the general university entrance qualification (Abitur) after class 13 (https://www.thueringen.de/th2/tmbjs/bildung/schulwesen/schulsystem/gesamtschule/index.aspx).
Special Schools
If children are so impaired in their educational, developmental and learning opportunities that they cannot be sufficiently integrated in the lessons of general education schools, they receive special support in a special needs school. There are support centers for the following special educational needs: seeing, hearing, physical and motor development, mental development, language, learning, emotional and social development and for sick pupils (https://www.thueringen.de/th2/tmbjs/bildung/schulwesen/schulsystem/foerderschule/index.aspx).
Full-time care in schools
There are all-day schools in all school types (http://portal.thueringen.de/portal/page/portal/Serviceportal/Zust%C3%A4ndigkeitsfinder/Universal?LinkID=65).
In addition to state schools in Thüringen, there are also private schools: https://bildung.Thüringen.de/schulen/weitere-schulinfos/schulen-in-freier-traegerschaft/schulen-in-freier-traegerschaft/
School locations of the individual school types in your region can be found under Schools in Thüringen: https://www.thueringen.de/th2/tmbjs/bildung/schulwesen/index.aspx